Difference in and determinants of subjective well-being for Chinese urban and rural residents

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2021.01.2019690

World Regional Studies ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (1): 179-191.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2021.01.2019690

Previous Articles Next Articles

Difference in and determinants of subjective well-being for Chinese urban and rural residents

Chudan GU¹(), Fenglong WANG²^,³^,⁴(), Feng LUO⁴^,⁵

^1.School of Social Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
^2.School of Geography & The Center of Administrative Division and Spatial Governance, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
^3.The Research Center for Chinese Administrative Divisions, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
^4.The Center for Modern Chinese City Studies, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
^5.Institute of Urban Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China

Received:2019-12-22 Revised:2020-01-30 Online:2021-01-09 Published:2021-04-09
Contact: Fenglong WANG

中国城乡居民幸福感的差异及影响因素研究

顾楚丹¹(), 王丰龙²^,³^,⁴(), 罗峰⁴^,⁵

^1.华东师范大学社会发展学院，上海 200062
^2.华南师范大学地理科学学院/行政区划与空间治理研究中心，广州 510631
^3.华东师范大学中国行政区划研究中心，上海 200062
^4.华东师范大学中国现代城市研究中心，上海 200062
^5.华东师范大学城市发展研究院，上海 200062

通讯作者: 王丰龙
作者简介:顾楚丹（1991-），女，博士研究生，从事公共政策与城乡关系等研究，E-mail：vozeen77@163.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41601144);2016年上海市社科规划课题(2016ESH001);上海市教育发展基金会和上海市教育委员会“晨光计划”(18CG28);2020年上海市软科学项目(20692108500);2020年上海高校智库内涵建设计划项目;中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助

Abstract

Abstract:

In the Shanghai World Expo in 2010, it was proposed that "city makes life better". However, the empirical studies provide mixed and even dividing evidences. This paper argues that it is not city itself but better city that makes our lives more satisfied. Therefore, we investigate the patterns and determinants of subjective well-being for Chinese urban and rural residents based on the 2014 China Laborforce Dynamic Survey. It is shows that Chinese urbanites generally have higher level of life satisfaction than their rural counterparts. The results of multilevel regression model indicate that the urban-rural divide of life satisfaction in China mainly attributes to the differences in their living standards, residential environment and routine activities. Based on these findings, we suggest to improve the sense of gain for urban and rural residents, accelerate the integration of urban and rural public services, promote the reform of urban housing policies, explore the model of urbanization in the unit of family rather than individuals, and implement more sound labor policy in order to increase residents' life satisfaction in urban and rural China.

Key words: urbanization, living standard, living environment, daily activities, subjective well-being, multilevel modelling

摘要：

2010年上海世界博览会提出“城市让生活更美好”。然而，当前对城乡居民幸福感的实证研究得出了不同的结论。本研究认为，城市并不必然会带来更美好的生活，而是更好的城市让生活更幸福。为此，本研究运用多层次线性回归模型，基于2014年中国劳动力动态调查（CLDS）数据对中国城乡居民的幸福感及其影响因素进行了分析。结果显示，中国城市居民的幸福感整体上高于乡村居民，这种差异主要源于城乡居民的生活水平、生活环境和生活节奏等方面的差异。因此，要实现“城市让生活更美好”的目标，需要在城市化的过程中不断提升城乡居民的获得感、推动城市住房政策改革、进一步加快城乡公共服务一体化进程、实现以家庭为单位的新型市民化模式以及推行更为健全的劳动政策。

关键词: 城市化, 生活水平, 生活环境, 日常活动, 幸福感, 多层次模型

Chudan GU, Fenglong WANG, Feng LUO. Difference in and determinants of subjective well-being for Chinese urban and rural residents[J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(1): 179-191.

顾楚丹, 王丰龙, 罗峰. 中国城乡居民幸福感的差异及影响因素研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2021, 30(1): 179-191.

Figures/Tables 3

References 71

1	Easterlin R A, Angelescu L, Zweig J S. The impact of modern economic growth on urban-rural differences in subjective well-being. World Development, 2011, 39(12): 2187-2198.
2	佩德罗·孔塞桑,罗米娜·班德罗,卢艳华,等.主观幸福感研究文献综述. 国外理论动态, 2013 (7): 10-23.
	Conceição P, Bandura R, Lu Y. Measuring subjective wellbeing: A summary review of the literature. Foreign Theoretical Trends, 2013, (7): 10-23.
3	Luechinger S. Life satisfaction and transboundary air pollution. Economics Letters, 2010, 107(1): 4-6.
4	Ferreira S, Akay A, Brereton F, et al. Life satisfaction and air quality in Europe. Ecological Economics, 2013, 88: 1-10.
5	Sørensen J F L. Rural-urban differences in life satisfaction: Evidence from the European union. Regional Studies, 2014, 48(9): 1451-1466.
6	Okulicz-Kozaryn A, Mazelis J M. Urbanism and happiness: A test of Wirth's theory of urban life. Urban Studies, 2017, 55(2): 349-364.
7	Morrison P S. Local expressions of subjective well-being: The New Zealand experience. Regional Studies,2011,45(8): 1039-1058.
8	Brereton F, Clinch J P, Ferreira S.Happiness, geography and the environment.Ecological Economics,2008,65(2): 386-396.
9	Shucksmith M, Cameron S, Merridew T, et al.Urban-rural differences in quality of life across the European Union. Regional Studies, 2009, 43(10): 1275-1289.
10	Knight J, Gunatilaka R. The rural–urban divide in China: Income but not happiness? The Journal of Development Studies, 2010, 46(3): 506-534.
11	方纲, 风笑天. 城乡居民主观幸福研究述评. 广西民族大学学报:哲学社会科学版, 2009 (2): 68-73.
	Fang G, Feng X. A review of the studies on the subjective happiness of the urban and rural citizens. Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities: Philosophy and Social Science Edition, 2009 (2): 68-73.
12	罗楚亮. 城乡分割、就业状况与主观幸福感差异. 经济学(季刊), 2006 (2): 817-840.
	Luo C. Urban-rural divide, employment, and subjective well-being. China Economic Quarterly, 2006 (2): 817-840.
13	邢占军. 城乡居民主观生活质量比较研究初探. 社会, 2006(1): 130-141.
	Xing Z. An initial comparative study on the subjective perception of quality of life by urban and rural residents.Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2006(1): 130-141.
14	张军华. 幸福感城乡差异的元分析. 社会, 2010 (2): 144-155.
	Zhang J. A meta-analysis of urban-rural differences in happiness. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2010 (2): 144-155.
15	赵奉军.城市让生活更美好——户籍身份变动与居民生活满意度.中国农村观察, 2016(4): 56-71.
	Zhao F. Cities make life better: Hukou identity change and life satisfaction of Chinese households. China Rural Survey, 2016(4): 56-71.
16	叶初升, 冯贺霞. 城市是幸福的"围城"吗?——基于CGSS数据对中国城乡幸福悖论的一种解释. 中国人口资源与环境, 2014(6): 16-21.
	Ye C, Feng H. Is city 'the besieged city'of happiness? an analysis of the happiness paradox between urban and rural china using CGSS data. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2014(6): 16-21.
17	Wang F, Wang D. Place, geographical context and subjective well-being: State of art and future directions. Wang D, He S (Eds.). Mobility, Sociability and Well-being of Urban Living. Berlin: Springer, 2016: 189-230.
18	王丰龙, 王冬根. 主观幸福感度量研究进展及其对智慧城市建设的启示. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(4): 482-493.
	Wang F, Wang D. Measures of subjective well-being:a review. Progress in Geography, 2015, 34(4): 482-493.
19	Diener E. Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 1984, 95(3): 542-575.
20	Diener E, Suh E M, Lucas R E, et al. Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 1999, 125(2): 276-302.
21	张军华. 基于三种幸福感成分的城乡比较元分析. 西北师大学报:社会科学版, 2011, 48(4): 96-100.
	Zhang J. A meta-analysis of the differences between urban and rural well-beings from three components. Journal of Northwest Normal University: Social Sciences, 2011, 48(4): 96-100.
22	Lyubomirsky S, Sheldon K M, Schkade D. Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change.Review of General Psychology, 2005, 9(2): 111-131.
23	Wirth L. Urbanism as a way of life. American Journal of Sociology, 1938, 44(1): 1-24.
24	汪业周. 论生活方式的蕴涵与结构. 理论学刊, 2002, (1): 90-93.
	Wang Y. On the implication and structure of life style. Theory Journal, 2002, (1): 90-93.
25	傅辰昊, 周素红, 闫小培, 等. 中国城乡居民生活水平差距的时空变化及其影响因素. 世界地理研究, 2015, 24(4): 67-77.
	Fu C, Zhou S, Yan X, et al. Spatial-temporal variations of living standard gap between urban and rural residents in China and its influencing factors. World Regional Studies, 2015, 24(4): 67-77.
26	张伟进, 方振瑞, 黄敬翔. 城乡居民生活水平差距的变化——基于经济周期视角分析. 经济学(季刊), 2015, 14(2): 651-676.
	Zhang W, Fang C, Huang C. Disparity between urban and rural areas in China: A business cycle perspective. China Economic Quarterly, 2015, 14(2): 651-676.
27	陈伟东, 张大维. 社区公共服务设施分类及其配置:城乡比较. 华中师范大学学报:人文社会科学版, 2008,(1): 19-26.
	Chen W, Zhang D. Classification and allocation of community public service facilities: comparison between urban and rural areas. Journal of Huazhong Normal University: Humanities and Social Sciences, 2008, (1): 19-26.
28	向春玲. 中国城镇化进程中的"城市病"及其治理. 新疆师范大学学报: 哲学社会科学版, 2014, 35(2): 45-53.
	Xiang C. "Urban disease" and its treatment in China's urbanization.Journal of Xinjiang Normal University: Philosophy and Social Sciences, 2014, 35(2): 45-53.
29	梁晨. 生活方式市民化——对农转非居民消费模式与闲暇模式的探讨. 青年研究, 2012, (5): 86-93.
	Liang C. The civilization of lifestyle: A discussion of consumption model and leisure model of urbanized residents. Youth Studies, 2012, (5): 86-93.
30	文军. 城市化建设与居民生活结构的未预期后果. 重庆社会科学, 2004, (1): 101-105.
	Wen J. Unexpected consequences of urbanization construction and residents' life structure. Chongqing Social Sciences, 2004, (1): 101-105.
31	甘满堂, 黄美扬. 居民社会交往与社会参与的城乡差异——福州调查为例. 石家庄学院学报, 2017, 19(1): 101-111.
	Gan M, Huang M. Residents' social interaction and social participation: A case study of Fuzhou city. Journal of Shijiazhuang University, 2017, 19(1): 101-111.
32	张海东, 毕婧千. 城市居民疏离感问题研究——以2010年上海调查为例. 社会学研究, 2014(4): 94-109.
	Zhang H, Bi J. The alienation of city residents: based on data of 2010 Shanghai survey. Sociological Studies, 2014(4): 94-109.
33	Easterlin R A. Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence. David P A, Reder M W (Eds.. Nations and households in economic growth: Essays in honor of moses abramowitz. New York: Academic Press,1974: 89-125.
34	周绍杰, 王洪川, 苏杨. 中国人如何能有更高水平的幸福感——基于中国民生指数调查. 管理世界, 2015 (6): 8-21.
	Zhou S, Wang H, Su Y. How can Chinese people have a higher level of happiness? A survey based on China's livelihood index. Management World, 2015, (6): 8-21.
35	Graham C, Zhou S, Zhang J. Happiness and health in China: The paradox of progress. World Development, 2017, 96: 231-244.
36	Knight J, Gunatilaka R. Great expectations? The subjective well-being of rural-urban migrants in China. World Development, 2010, 38(1): 113-124.
37	党云晓, 张文忠, 谌丽, 等. 居民幸福感的城际差异及其影响因素探析——基于多尺度模型的研究. 地理研究, 2018, 37(3): 539-550.
	Dang Y, Zhang W, Chen L, et al. Inter-city difference and influencing factors of residents' subjective well-being: A study based on multilevel modelling. Geographical Research, 2018, 37(3): 539-550.
38	孙良顺. 社会经济地位、社会保障、生态环境与城乡居民幸福感——基于CGSS(2013)数据的实证分析. 湖南科技大学学报:社会科学版, 2016,19(6): 86-92.
	Sun L. Social-economic status, social security, ecological environment and residents' sense of happiness in urban and rural areas: Based on the empirical analysis of CGSS (2013) data. Journal of Hunan University of Science & Technology: Social Science Edition, 2016, 19(6): 86-92.
39	Clark A E, Oswald A J. Satisfaction and comparison income. Journal of Public Economics, 1996, 61(3): 359-381.
40	Ball R, Chernova K. Absolute income, relative income, and happiness. Social Indicators Research, 2008, 88(3): 497-529.
41	Oishi S, Kesebir S, Diener E. Income inequality and happiness. Psychological Science, 2011, 22(9): 1095-1100.
42	Zhang F, Zhang C, Hudson J. Housing conditions and life satisfaction in urban China. Cities, 2018, 81: 35-44.
43	Cattaneo M D, Galiani S, Gertler P J, et al. Housing, health, and happiness. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2009, 1(1): 75-105.
44	Hu M, Ye W. Home ownership and subjective wellbeing: A perspective from ownership heterogeneity. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2020, 21(3): 1059-1079.
45	Cheng Z, Prakash K, Smyth R, et al. Housing wealth and happiness in Urban China. Cities, 2020, 96: 102470.
46	李涛, 史宇鹏, 陈斌开. 住房与幸福:幸福经济学视角下的中国城镇居民住房问题. 经济研究, 2011(9): 69-82.
	Li T, Shi Y, Chen B. Homeownership and happiness: Theory and evidence from China. Economic Research Journal, 2011(9): 69-82.
47	White M P, Alcock I, Wheeler B W, et al. Would you be happier living in a greener urban area? A fixed-effects analysis of panel data. Psychological Science, 2013, 24(6): 920-928.
48	Gür M, Murat D, Ş Sezer F. The effect of housing and neighborhood satisfaction on perception of happiness in Bursa, Turkey. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 2020, 35(2): 679-697.
49	Mouratidis K. Compact city, urban sprawl, and subjective well-being. Cities, 2019, 92: 261-272.
50	Buttrick N R, Heintzelman S J, Oishi S. Inequality and well-being. Current Opinion in Psychology, 2017, 18: 15-20.
51	Krueger A, Kahneman D, Fischler C, et al. Time use and subjective well-being in france and the U.S. Social Indicators Research, 2009, 93(1): 7-18.
52	Hilbrecht M, Smale B, Mock S E. Highway to health? Commute time and well-being among Canadian adults. World Leisure Journal, 2014, 56(2): 151-163.
53	Nie P, Sousa-Poza A. Commute time and subjective well-being in urban China. China Economic Review, 2018, 48: 188-204.
54	Olsson L E, Gärling T, Ettema D, et al. Happiness and satisfaction with work commute. Social Indicators Research, 2013, 111(1): 255-263.
55	Valente R R, Berry B J L. Working hours and life satisfaction: A cross-cultural comparison of Latin America and the United States. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2016, 17(3): 1173-1204.
56	Lehnert K, Sudeck G, Conzelmann A. Subjective well-being and exercise in the second half of life: a critical review of theoretical approaches. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 2012, 9(2): 87-102.
57	Schwanen T, Wang D. Well-Being, context, and everyday activities in space and time. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2014, 104(4): 833-851.
58	马丹. 社会网络对生活满意度的影响研究基于京、沪、粤三地的分析.社会, 2015 (3): 168-192.
	Ma D. The effects of social networks on life satisfaction: a two-wave longitudinal study of Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2015 (3): 168-192.
59	Wang D, Wang F. Contributions of the usage and affective experience of the residential environment to residential satisfaction. Housing Studies, 2016, 31(1): 42-60.
60	赖晓飞. 影响城乡居民主观幸福感的路径分析——对农村人口流动的文化解释. 贵州大学学报:社会科学版, 2012(5): 31-35.
	Lai X. An analysis of the factors that influence the subjectiveconcept of happiness by urban and rural residents: A cultural-based interpretation of the rural population flow. Journal of Guizhou University:Social Science, 2012 (5): 31-35.
61	Diener E, Suh M E. Subjective well-being and age: An international analysis. Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics: Focus on emotion and adult development. New York, US: Springer Publishing Co, 1998: 304-324.
62	Graham C. Happiness and health: Lessons—and questions—for public policy. Health Affairs, 2008, 27(1): 72-87.
63	王慧慧. 民生因素与城乡居民幸福感——基于CGSS数据的实证分析. 中南财经政法大学学报, 2014 (5): 32-38.
	Wang H. People's livelihood factors and happiness of urban and rural residents: An Empirical Analysis Based on CGSS data. Journal of Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, 2014 (5): 32-38.
64	梁玉成, 周文, 郝令昕, 等. 流出地调查法:农村流动人口调查的理论与实践. 华中科技大学学报:社会科学版, 2015, 29(4): 113-123.
	Liang Y, Zhou W, Hao L, et al. Original approach for rural migration survey: theory versus practice. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Social Science Edition), 2015, 29(4): 113-123.
65	梁宏. 年龄分层视角下的中国劳动力. 南方人口, 2013, 28(6): 19-25.
	Liang H. An Analysis of Chinese labor force in the perspective of age stratification. South China Population, 2013, 28(6): 19-25.
66	Kreft I G G, de Leeuw J. Introducing multilevel modeling. London: Sage, 1998: 1-160.
67	Raudenbush S W, Bryk A S. Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). London: Sage, 2002: 1-512.
68	Snijders T A B, Bosker R J. Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling (2nd ed.). London: Sage, 2011: 1-368.
69	王丰龙, 曾刚, 周灿, 等. 中国地方政府科技财政支出对企业创新产出的影响研究——来自工业企业数据库的证据. 地理科学, 2017(11): 1632-1639.
	Wang F, Zeng G, Zhou C, et al. Effects of local expenditure for S & T on firm innovation: evidence from Chinese industrial enterprises database. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017(11): 1632-1639.
70	Huang Y, Clark W A V. Housing tenure choice in transitional urban China: A multilevel analysis. Urban Studies, 2002, 39(1): 7-32.
71	Glaeser E. The triumph of the city: How our greatest invention makes us richer, smarter, greener, healthier and happier. New York: Penguin Books, 2011.

变量	分类	农村居民 mean/N sd/%		城市居民 mean/N sd/%
性别	男性	6417	48.48%	3768	47.02%
性别	女性	6819	51.52%	4246	52.98%
年龄	（岁）	45.33	14.75	42.40	13.75
婚姻状况	未婚/离异	2244	16.95%	1734	21.64%
婚姻状况	在婚	10992	83.05%	6280	78.36%
受教育程度	初中及以下	11014	83.21%	3582	44.70%
	高中	1650	12.47%	2195	27.39%
	大专及以上	572	4.32%	2237	27.91%
所在区域	东部	6852	51.77%	4103	51.20%
	中部	3372	25.48%	2259	28.19%
	西部	3012	22.76%	1652	20.61%

变量	分类	农村居民 mean/N sd/%		城市居民 mean/N sd/%
性别	男性	6417	48.48%	3768	47.02%
性别	女性	6819	51.52%	4246	52.98%
年龄	（岁）	45.33	14.75	42.40	13.75
婚姻状况	未婚/离异	2244	16.95%	1734	21.64%
婚姻状况	在婚	10992	83.05%	6280	78.36%
受教育程度	初中及以下	11014	83.21%	3582	44.70%
	高中	1650	12.47%	2195	27.39%
	大专及以上	572	4.32%	2237	27.91%
所在区域	东部	6852	51.77%	4103	51.20%
	中部	3372	25.48%	2259	28.19%
	西部	3012	22.76%	1652	20.61%

参数		城市居民 mean/N sd/%		农村居民 mean/N sd/%
	幸福感	3.73	0.90	3.61	0.92
生活水平	家庭收入/元（取对数）	10.79	1.48	10.03	1.66
	家中拥有汽车的比例	2,108	26.30%	1,791	13.53%
	住房产权类型：租户	1,653	20.63%	491	3.71%
	住房产权类型：拥有住房产权家庭	5,730	71.50%	12,074	91.22%
	住房产权类型：拥有准住房产权家庭	631	7.87%	671	5.07%
	住房平均面积/（m²/人）	23.96	29.86	33.77	41.30
	住房估计增值（元；取对数）	6.47	8.71	4.00	10.29
	拥有住房公积金的比例	1,624	20.26%	211	1.59%
	住房贷款占购房金额的比例	0.14	0.26	0.23	0.32
	家庭用于旅游休闲消费的比例	0.03	0.10	0.01	0.59
	感觉所处社会阶层	4.69	1.68	4.42	1.66
	预期未来会有社会阶层提升的比例	4,137	51.62%	7,298	55.14%
生活环境	感受到的社会公平程度	3.18	0.90	3.30	0.88
	可达性（合成指标）	3.60	0.72	2.72	1.16
	污染程度（合成指标）	1.05	0.56	0.68	0.65
	社区融合程度（因子得分）	-0.47	0.99	0.27	0.91
	社区安全程度	2.95	0.66	3.31	0.63
	社区设施的丰富程度	5.70	1.90	4.18	1.95
生活节奏	每周工作时间/小时	28.02	26.74	31.25	27.74
	每月工作时间/天	14.68	12.43	17.20	12.48
	每天通勤时间/分钟	20.57	33.50	17.54	29.62
	每天睡眠时间/小时	7.48	1.20	7.73	1.41
	每周工作日在外吃晚餐情况/次	2.68	1.65	2.39	1.83
	每周家人聚餐次数/次	1.51	1.62	1.44	1.71
	与配偶住在家里的比例	5,524	68.93%	9,381	70.87%

参数		城市居民 mean/N sd/%		农村居民 mean/N sd/%
	幸福感	3.73	0.90	3.61	0.92
生活水平	家庭收入/元（取对数）	10.79	1.48	10.03	1.66
	家中拥有汽车的比例	2,108	26.30%	1,791	13.53%
	住房产权类型：租户	1,653	20.63%	491	3.71%
	住房产权类型：拥有住房产权家庭	5,730	71.50%	12,074	91.22%
	住房产权类型：拥有准住房产权家庭	631	7.87%	671	5.07%
	住房平均面积/（m²/人）	23.96	29.86	33.77	41.30
	住房估计增值（元；取对数）	6.47	8.71	4.00	10.29
	拥有住房公积金的比例	1,624	20.26%	211	1.59%
	住房贷款占购房金额的比例	0.14	0.26	0.23	0.32
	家庭用于旅游休闲消费的比例	0.03	0.10	0.01	0.59
	感觉所处社会阶层	4.69	1.68	4.42	1.66
	预期未来会有社会阶层提升的比例	4,137	51.62%	7,298	55.14%
生活环境	感受到的社会公平程度	3.18	0.90	3.30	0.88
	可达性（合成指标）	3.60	0.72	2.72	1.16
	污染程度（合成指标）	1.05	0.56	0.68	0.65
	社区融合程度（因子得分）	-0.47	0.99	0.27	0.91
	社区安全程度	2.95	0.66	3.31	0.63
	社区设施的丰富程度	5.70	1.90	4.18	1.95
生活节奏	每周工作时间/小时	28.02	26.74	31.25	27.74
	每月工作时间/天	14.68	12.43	17.20	12.48
	每天通勤时间/分钟	20.57	33.50	17.54	29.62
	每天睡眠时间/小时	7.48	1.20	7.73	1.41
	每周工作日在外吃晚餐情况/次	2.68	1.65	2.39	1.83
	每周家人聚餐次数/次	1.51	1.62	1.44	1.71
	与配偶住在家里的比例	5,524	68.93%	9,381	70.87%

参数	自变量	城市系数 P值		农村系数 P值
生活水平	家庭收入/元(取对数）	0.028^***	0.00	0.033^***	0.00
	家中是否拥有汽车（是=1）	0.069^***	0.00	0.086^***	0.00
	住房产权(租房=0)
	完整产权所有者	0.122^***	0.00	0.094^**	0.02
	准产权所有者（单位共有产权或免费提供）	0.072^*	0.07	0.111^**	0.02
	住房平均面积/（m²/人）	0.000	0.17	0.000	0.64
	住房估计增值/元（取对数）	0.001	0.21	0.001^**	0.05
	拥有住房公积金的比例	0.048^*	0.07	0.079	0.17
	住房贷款占购房金额的比例	-0.038	0.30	-0.018	0.45
	家中是否雇佣保姆（是=1）	0.074	0.18	0.271^**	0.01
	家庭用于旅游休闲消费的比例	0.234^***	0.01	0.016	0.17
	感觉所处社会阶层	0.103^***	0.00	0.096^***	0.00
	是否预期未来社会阶层会提升（是=1）	0.062^***	0.00	0.017	0.26
生活环境	可达性（合成指标）	0.032^**	0.02	0.012^*	0.08
	污染程度（合成指标）	-0.040^**	0.02	-0.021^*	0.08
	社区融合程度（因子得分）	0.072^***	0.00	0.089^***	0.00
	社区安全程度	0.101^***	0.00	0.121^***	0.00
	社区设施的丰富程度	0.001	0.95	0.010^*	0.08
	社区类型（内城老旧社区=0）
	单位社区	-0.007	0.83
	商品房社区	-0.001	0.98
	其他社区	-0.059^*	0.06
	感受到的社会公平程度	0.220^***	0.00	0.274^***	0.00
	城区绿化覆盖率	0.001	0.59
	城市工业SO₂排放量/吨	-0.000	0.42
	所在城市人口密度/（人/km²）	-0.000	0.77	-0.000	0.40
	城市病床数/张	0.002^**	0.03	-0.000	0.27
	所在地级市城市化率	0.164^*	0.06	0.051	0.56
	所在县区2014年gdp/亿元（取对数）	-0.043	0.11	0.053^***	0.01
	所在地区是否有非农产业（是=1）			0.032	0.58
	所在区域（东部=0）
	中部	-0.093^*	0.05	0.019	0.65
	西部	-0.052	0.32	0.118^**	0.03
生活节奏	与配偶住在家里（是=0）	0.100^***	0.00	0.088^***	0.00
	工作时间/（小时/周）	-0.000	0.48	-0.000	0.78
	工作时间/（天/月）	-0.005^***	0.00	-0.001	0.40
	每天通勤时间/分钟	-0.000	0.60	0.000	0.79
	每天睡眠时间/小时	0.024^***	0.00	0.014^***	0.01
	每周工作日在外吃晚餐情况/次	-0.005	0.34	0.002	0.57
	每周家人聚餐次数/次	0.006	0.30	0.008^*	0.05
个体及家庭变量	女性（是=1）	0.075^***	0.00	0.061^***	0.00
	是否已婚（是=1）	0.098^***	0.01	0.015	0.59
	受教育程度（初中及以下=0）
	高中	-0.007	0.74	0.062^***	0.01
	大学及以上	0.023	0.41	0.090^**	0.02
	年龄	-0.034^***	0.00	-0.024^***	0.00
	年龄平方	0.000^***	0.00	0.000^***	0.00
	是否为党员（是=1）	0.045	0.11	0.056	0.11
	目前有无工作（有=1）	0.135^***	0.00	-0.018	0.46
	健康程度	0.132^***	0.00	0.131^***	0.00
	BMI/（kg/㎡）	0.001	0.80	0.003	0.13
	是否吸烟（是=1）	-0.042	0.11	-0.036^*	0.07
	是否喝酒（是=1）	0.060^**	0.02	0.024	0.24
	常数项	1.546^***	0	0.781^***	0
	N	7646		13236

Difference in and determinants of subjective well-being for Chinese urban and rural residents

中国城乡居民幸福感的差异及影响因素研究

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 3

References 71

Related Articles 14

Recommended Articles

Metrics

[1]	Yunxiao DANG, Wenzhong ZHANG, Shaohua WU, Lefeng QIU. Study on the residence-employment change of migrants and its influence on subjective well-being: A case study of Beijing [J]. World Regional Studies, 2023, 32(2): 59-69.
[2]	Linjing MA, Peisu LI, Yahong WU. How does urbanization affect informal employment? [J]. World Regional Studies, 2022, 31(6): 1273-1284.
[3]	Shaoyan CAI. Knowledge map analysis on the study of Chinese family migration [J]. World Regional Studies, 2022, 31(3): 649-661.
[4]	Xinyu YANG, Fangqu NIU. Spatio-temporal coupling process of urbanization and resource-environmental pressure in Liaoning Province [J]. World Regional Studies, 2022, 31(2): 317-328.
[5]	Yang YANG, Xiaolan TANG, Yanyan JIA, Qiaoqiao Zhan. Spatial-temporal coupling coordination degree and driving factors of population, land and economy urbanization in the Yangtze Basin [J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(5): 978-990.
[6]	Nanchen CHU, Pingyu ZHANG, Xiangli WU, He LI. Measurement and spatial differentiation of urbanization development in Russia [J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(2): 257-266.
[7]	Jiemin LIU, Bin LV. The development strategies of new town in Africa [J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(2): 276-285.
[8]	Kun WANG, Shenjing HE. Urban political ecology in Anglophone literature: Progress and theoretical inquires [J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(2): 286-296.
[9]	Yanguo CONG, Hunt Dexter, Duo HUANG, Lihua WEI. Acculturation and subject well-being of Chinese sojourners in Birmingham, UK [J]. World Regional Studies, 2020, 29(5): 929-938.
[10]	Xinjing WANG, Yu CHENG. Research on the influencing mechanism of urbanization on carbon emission efficiency [J]. World Regional Studies, 2020, 29(3): 503-511.
[11]	Qianbo WU, Congcong HUI. Urbanization characteristics and spatial pattern of population in central cities of China in the 21st century [J]. World Regional Studies, 2020, 29(3): 523-535.
[12]	Rongtian ZHANG, Chuanwu LI. An investigation in the typical counties of Anhui [J]. World Regional Studies, 2020, 29(1): 112-119.
[13]	Yan TONG, Yujun PAN, Meifen ZHANG, Luyan XU. Analysis on coupling and coordination between population urbanization and land urbanization in Yunnan Province [J]. World Regional Studies, 2020, 29(1): 120-129.
[14]	Xiaofan WU, Guang LIN. From urban to suburban: American suburbanization driven by the federal government after World War II [J]. World Regional Studies, 2020, 29(1): 77-85.