Spatio-temporal characteristics and driving factors of basic public services' equalization in Zhejiang Province

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.10.20240215

Abstract

Abstract:

The equalization and improvement of basic public services is one of the strategic tasks for China to adhere to the people-centered approach and achieve high-quality economic and social development. The article empirically analyzes the spatio-temporal characteristics and driving factors of the equalization level of basic public services in Zhejiang Province from 2011 to 2021, using methods such as Theil index, Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, and geographic detector. The research results show: (1) The level of equalization of basic public services in Zhejiang Province has been steadily improved.The social security services and medical and health services have the fastest growth rates. The equalization level of basic public services among prefecture-level cities showed significant differentiation, along with Hangzhou, Ningbo, Zhoushan and Shaoxing ranked the top four. The overall level of counties in northern Zhejiang is better than that of counties in southern Zhejiang, and the equalization of basic public services in the 97% of counties has reached the medium or above level. (2) The equalization of basic public services in Zhejiang Province has remakable spatial differentiation and spatial correlation characteristics.The spatial differences of the equalization level of basic public services in the whole province, the four major metropolitan areas and the prefecture-level cities have shown different degrees of convergence trend, and the regional differences mainly came from the intra-regional disparity.The urban areas in the 'Dual-center' regions (Hangzhou-Ningbo) and some surrounding counties are high-high clustering spatial correlation. Since 2016, the basic public services have crossed the low-level stage of the 'minimum guarantee' and there is no significant cold spot areas; (3) Government financial expenditure, regional economic development level, the urbanization rate and population density have been key factors for the equalization of basic public services, and the interaction types of each factor are two-factor enhancement. They have differentiated impact on the whole province, metropolitan areas, prefectures and counties.

Key words: basic public services, equalization, spatio-temporal characteristics, driving factors, Zhejiang Province

摘要：

基本公共服务均等化是我国坚持以人民为中心、实现经济社会高质量发展的战略任务之一。本文采用泰尔指数、探索性空间数据分析及地理探测器等方法，实证分析2011—2021年浙江省基本公共服务均等化的时空特征及驱动因素。研究结果表明：（1）浙江省基本公共服务均等化水平稳步提升，社会保障服务与医疗卫生服务增速最快。地级市间基本公共服务均等化水平呈现差异化，杭州、宁波、舟山、绍兴位列前四。浙北的县域整体优于浙南，多数县域基本公共服务均等化已达中等及以上水平；（2）浙江省基本公共服务均等化水平具有显著的空间分异和空间关联特征。全省-四大都市区-11个地级市基本公共服务均等化水平的空间差异呈现不同程度的收敛态势，且区域差异主要来源于区域内差异。双中心（杭州-宁波）地区的市区与周边部分县市属于高-高集聚型空间关联。自2016年起多数县域基本公共服务已跨越“兜底式”低水平阶段，故无显著的冷点区域；（3）基本公共服务均等化主要受政府财政支出能力、地区经济发展水平、城镇化水平和人口因素的影响，且各因素间的交互作用类型为双因子增强。全省-都市区-地级市-县域的驱动因素产生差异化作用。

关键词: 基本公共服务, 均等化, 时空特征, 驱动因素, 浙江省

Yini SHENG, Weihua YIN, Renfeng MA, Yuanqing LIANG. Spatio-temporal characteristics and driving factors of basic public services' equalization in Zhejiang Province[J]. World Regional Studies, 2025, 34(10): 90-104.

盛依妮, 殷为华, 马仁锋, 梁圆卿. 浙江省基本公共服务均等化水平的时空特征及驱动因素[J]. 世界地理研究, 2025, 34(10): 90-104.

Figures/Tables 9

Tab.1 Evaluation index system for the equalization level of basic public services

目标层	一级指标	二级指标	单位	权重
基本公共服务均等化水平	文化教育（0.229 2）	万人财政教育支出	元	0.055 2
		万人普通中小学数	所	0.053 7
		万人专任教师数	人	0.049 6
		每百人公共图书馆藏书	册	0.070 8
	医疗卫生（0.177 8）	万人财政医疗卫生支出	元	0.044 1
		万人拥有卫生机构数	所	0.057 1
		万人拥有医院床位数	张	0.036 6
		万人拥有执业医师数	人	0.040 0
	社会保障（0.252 5）	万人财政社会保障支出	元	0.070 9
		基本养老保险参保率	%	0.052 2
		基本医疗保险参保率	%	0.061 1
		失业保险参保率	%	0.068 3
	生态环境（0.064 5）	人均绿地面积	m²	0.034 6
		建成区绿化覆盖率	%	0.010 3
		生活垃圾无害化处理率	%	0.005 1
		城镇生活污水处理率	%	0.014 4
	信息化（0.153 1）	人均邮电业务收入	元	0.024 2
		万人固定电话用户数	户	0.039 1
		万人移动电话用户数	户	0.040 5
		万人国际互联网用户数	户	0.049 3
	基础设施（0.122 8）	万人拥有公共汽车数	辆	0.061 9
		城市人均道路面积	m²	0.040 0
		城市用水普及率	%	0.010 1
		城市燃气普及率	%	0.010 8

Tab.2 The equalization of basic public services in prefecture cities of Zhejiang from 2011 to 2021

城市	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	均值
杭州	0.557	0.616	0.670	0.585	0.619	0.656	0.696	0.733	0.750	0.769	0.813	0.678
舟山	0.416	0.508	0.480	0.506	0.542	0.597	0.614	0.651	0.663	0.705	0.747	0.585
宁波	0.488	0.523	0.550	0.557	0.541	0.553	0.569	0.585	0.618	0.628	0.659	0.570
绍兴	0.332	0.403	0.427	0.448	0.462	0.476	0.506	0.527	0.564	0.604	0.636	0.489
衢州	0.331	0.360	0.368	0.410	0.435	0.485	0.529	0.558	0.587	0.615	0.653	0.485
金华	0.329	0.373	0.450	0.465	0.487	0.516	0.549	0.476	0.632	0.501	0.522	0.482
湖州	0.340	0.364	0.393	0.413	0.446	0.463	0.522	0.559	0.572	0.535	0.579	0.472
嘉兴	0.359	0.381	0.414	0.426	0.443	0.460	0.464	0.487	0.513	0.539	0.563	0.459
丽水	0.359	0.399	0.390	0.398	0.422	0.443	0.463	0.474	0.507	0.544	0.580	0.453
台州	0.319	0.349	0.350	0.379	0.395	0.432	0.475	0.473	0.492	0.501	0.534	0.427
温州	0.244	0.297	0.335	0.384	0.376	0.388	0.419	0.433	0.456	0.484	0.518	0.394

Fig.1 The evolution trend of equalization level of basic public services in counties of Zhejiang Province

Fig.2 Theil index of basic public services’ equalization in Zhejiang from 2011 to 2021

Tab.3 Theil index of basic public services’ equalization in major metropolitan areas of Zhejiang Province

年份	$T$	都市区内部差异 $T w$ 及贡献率					都市区间差异 $T b$ 的贡献率
年份	$T$	$T$ ₁	$T$ ₂	$T$ ₃	$T 4$	$T w$	都市区间差异 $T b$ 的贡献率
2011	0.045	0.028	0.022	0.034	0.035	0.026(58%)	0.019(42%)
2016	0.021	0.015	0.016	0.018	0.032	0.018 (85%)	0.003(15%)
2021	0.020	0.009	0.014	0.010	0.028	0.014 (69%)	0.006(30%)

Tab.3 Theil index of basic public services’ equalization in major metropolitan areas of Zhejiang Province

年份	$T$	都市区内部差异 $T w$ 及贡献率					都市区间差异 $T b$ 的贡献率
年份	$T$	$T$ ₁	$T$ ₂	$T$ ₃	$T 4$	$T w$	都市区间差异 $T b$ 的贡献率
2011	0.045	0.028	0.022	0.034	0.035	0.026(58%)	0.019(42%)
2016	0.021	0.015	0.016	0.018	0.032	0.018 (85%)	0.003(15%)
2021	0.020	0.009	0.014	0.010	0.028	0.014 (69%)	0.006(30%)

Tab.4 Theil index of basic public services’ equalization in prefecture cities of Zhejiang Province

年份	$T$	城市内部差异 $T w$ 及贡献率												城市间差异 $T b$ 及贡献率
年份	$T$	杭州	绍兴	湖州	嘉兴	宁波	台州	舟山	温州	金华	衢州	丽水	$T w$	城市间差异 $T b$ 及贡献率
2011	0.045	0.076	0.031	0.000	0.010	0.034	0.010	0.004	0.038	0.026	0.033	0.013	0.024 (53%)	0.021 (47%)
2016	0.019	0.039	0.011	0.001	0.004	0.016	0.011	0.003	0.013	0.036	0.003	0.017	0.015 (79%)	0.004 (20%)
2022	0.018	0.014	0.003	0.001	0.003	0.020	0.007	0.012	0.010	0.031	0.005	0.013	0.012 (66%)	0.006 (34%)

Tab.4 Theil index of basic public services’ equalization in prefecture cities of Zhejiang Province

年份	$T$	城市内部差异 $T w$ 及贡献率												城市间差异 $T b$ 及贡献率
年份	$T$	杭州	绍兴	湖州	嘉兴	宁波	台州	舟山	温州	金华	衢州	丽水	$T w$	城市间差异 $T b$ 及贡献率
2011	0.045	0.076	0.031	0.000	0.010	0.034	0.010	0.004	0.038	0.026	0.033	0.013	0.024 (53%)	0.021 (47%)
2016	0.019	0.039	0.011	0.001	0.004	0.016	0.011	0.003	0.013	0.036	0.003	0.017	0.015 (79%)	0.004 (20%)
2022	0.018	0.014	0.003	0.001	0.003	0.020	0.007	0.012	0.010	0.031	0.005	0.013	0.012 (66%)	0.006 (34%)

Fig.3 LISA significant clustering of basic public services’ equalization in Zhejiang Province

Tab.5 The q value of single factor of basic public services’ equalization at multi-spatial scales in Zhejiang Province

区域	年份	X₁	X₂	X₃	X₄	X₅	X₆
浙江省	2 011	0.970 4^**	0.952 3^**	0.886 1^**	0.810 4	0.848 3	0.593 4
	2 016	0.992 8^***	0.939 4	0.986 7	0.938 4	0.943 8^*	0.759 5
	2 021	0.998 6^***	0.968 4	0.968 5	0.941 2^**	0.956 4^*	0.905 7
	q均值	0.972 7	0.969 1	0.947 5	0.894 7	0.939 2	0.799 8
杭州都市区	2 011	0.938 8^*	0.939 6^***	0.781 5^*	0.865 6^*	0.781 1	0.888 3^**
	2 016	0.950 8	0.961 3^***	0.930 5^**	0.927 3^*	0.852 6	0.949 9^***
	2 021	0.897 2	0.897 4^**	0.783 6	0.761 3	0.779 4	0.869 0^*
	q均值	0.928 9	0.932 8	0.831 9	0.851 4	0.804 4	0.902 4
宁波都市区	2 011	0.945 6^***	0.944 2^*	0.940 4^**	0.864 6	0.938 6^*	0.925 1^*
	2 016	0.848 3	0.944 1	0.948 7^*	0.890 7	0.857 1	0.851 0
	2 021	0.810 0	0.951 3^*	0.933 9^*	0.863 7	0.907 3	0.953 1^*
	q均值	0.867 9	0.946 5	0.941 0	0.853 0	0.901 0	0.909 7
温州都市区	2 011	0.985 8	0.943 2^*	0.879 7^**	0.865 0	0.657 7	0.867 1^*
	2 016	0.975 7^**	0.977 2^**	0.964 4^*	0.990 5^***	0.975 4	0.979 4^**
	2 021	0.962 0	0.966 0	0.996 5^***	0.984 4	0.872 4	0.989 7^*
	q均值	0.974 5	0.962 1	0.946 9	0.946 6	0.835 2	0.945 4
金义都市区	2 011	0.961 1	0.998 9^***	0.997 4^***	0.908 2	0.998 4^***	0.908 2
	2 016	0.988 8^*	0.948 7^*	0.988 8	0.924 7^*	0.968 2^*	0.948 3^*
	2 021	0.995 0^***	0.974 2^*	0.944 8^*	0.973 0^***	0.946 2	0.974 2^*
	q均值	0.981 6	0.973 9	0.977 0	0.935 3	0.970 9	0.943 6
地级市	2 011	0.994 4^***	0.952 3^***	0.886 1^**	0.618 3	0.848 3	0.593 4
	2 016	0.998 1^***	0.939 4	0.986 7	0.950 4	0.943 8^*	0.759 5
	2 021	0.998 6^***	0.968 4	0.968 5	0.999 9^***	0.956 4^*	0.905 7
	q均值	0.997 0	0.953 4	0.947 1	0.856 2	0.916 2	0.752 9
县（区）	2 011	0.830 5	0.827 2	0.852 2^**	0.750 1	0.799 8^*	0.748 3
	2 016	0.853 7	0.836 8^*	0.743 7	0.760 5	0.803 1	0.784 0^*
	2 021	0.836 0	0.833 4^*	0.832 2	0.732 6	0.721 7	0.742 5
	q均值	0.840 1	0.832 5	0.810 4	0.727 7	0.708 2	0.758 3

Fig.4 Interactive detection results of driving forces of basic public services' equalization in Zhejiang Province

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